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Medical education, an integral part of the modern health-care system, had faced the thrust of the outbreak for the last couple of years. Although the immediate impacts were trivial and managed with online pedagogical approach, on a long run, it seems to spill serious repercussions on medical students, teaching faculties, and administration. Different countries are handling with the situation depending on their financial conditions, task force, and resource allocation. Hence, momentarily, it is quite impractical to reach a global consensus regarding what is the best for students and communities in long run. Meanwhile, each country needs to formulate its own regime to continue with high standard medical teaching and training. Obviously, it may solicit time span, prioritization, and empathy to restructure the medical education without disfiguring its original fabric. The unprecedented use of online pedagogy (prerecorded lectures, medical simulations, virtual cadavers, and video conferencing) has transformed medical education drastically. Although these newer teaching-training policies assisted us to continue with the ongoing curriculum, medical placement/clerkship just resumed with necessary precautions. The assessment part needs extra care and vigilance, as any change or incorporation of newer methods of assessment may even worsen the present state of affairs for both the assessor and the student.Copyright © 2022 National Journal of Clinical Anatomy.
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Higher education has not been immune to the widespread disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic, commonly known as COVID-19. Colleges have quickly evolved and adapted to this new normal, from leaving campuses to investing in online instruction and assisting students and staff remotely. However, international lockdowns have had a devastating effect on graduating high school students who had planned to study abroad. According to a survey by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a highly revered annual publication of global ranking for educational institutions, more than 48% of Indian students intending to study abroad changed their minds because of the COVID-19 outbreak. This study aims to discuss how the pandemic affected students' decision-making on a wide range of factors. The study's goals are to determine whether the coronavirus affected college students' plans to study abroad, including how it influenced the students' interest in pursuing their higher education and how factors such as financial breakdown, parental emotion, and fear of the pandemic have impacted students' intentions to study overseas. The research will collect and analyze primary data quantitatively to test the hypothesis and provide solid evidence for the goals. The study's findings reveal that students' perspectives differed, suggesting that some students considered deferring their overseas education plans in response to the worsening epidemic. In contrast, others embraced the option of studying online, either in India or Abroad (by enrolling in hybrid or roaster classes).Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: The prevalence of various infectious diseases has been changing since the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Hepatitis A (HA) is transmitted from food and drink contaminated with the hepatitis A virus, while hepatitis E (HE) is a known zoonotic disease. The trends of HA and HE infection during the COVID-19 pandemic are unknown in Japan. Objective(s): In this study, we investigated the incidence of HA and HE before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, and compared the differences in trends between our hospital and Japanese statistics. Method(s): We investigated the number of IgA-HEV and IgM-HAV antibodies tested and positive at our hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. We verified the patient background, blood test findings and outcome of each antibody-positive. Result(s): The number of HE diagnoses /tests (rate) was 2 /187 (1.1%) in 2015, 2 /155 (1.3%) in 2016, 7 /236 (3.0%) in 2017, 11 /234 (4.7%) in 2018 and 15/ 307 (4.9%) in 2019, which was an increasing trend, but the number of tests remained the same but the number of diagnoses decreased 6 /314 (1.9%) in 2020, 2 /296 (1.0%) in 2021. According to Japanese statistics, the number of HE diagnoses showed a gradual increase from 213 in 2015 to 490 in 2019, but a slight decrease was reported in 441 in 2020 and 447 cases in 2021, respectively. On the other hand, there was no marked change in the number of HA diagnoses/tests between 2015 and 2019. 7 cases of HIV co-infection and an epidemic among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) were observed in 2018. The number of cases decreased markedly to 0 /362 (0%) in 2020 and 0 /339 (0%) in 2021. In Japan, the number of HA diagnoses was in the 200 s from 2015 to 2017, while 925 cases were diagnosed in 2018 and 425 cases in 2019, indicating an epidemic, but the number of HA diagnoses has decreased significantly to 118 in 2020 and 69 in 2021. Conclusion(s): The number of cases of HE, a zoonosis, was reported to have decreased slightly nationwide, even with the coronary disaster, but the number of cases decreased markedly at our facility in Tokyo, suggesting the influence of changes in the lifestyle and activity patterns of the patient population. On the other hand, the number of cases of HA, which had been prevalent in recent years as a result of sexual contact among MSM, has decreased, probably due to a decrease in the influx of cases from overseas as a result of travel restrictions.
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Introduction: Global health (GH) education is expanding and 23.1% of US medical students acquire international health experience prior to postgraduate training. Digestive diseases carry a high global burden. However, few GH programs and professional societies consider the inclusion of gastroenterology into their standard curriculum. In addition, travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have brought traditional GH rotations to a halt and spurred new educational approaches. Our goal is to develop a comprehensive online learning module on gastroenterology issues in GH for medical students undertaking GH electives. Method(s): A team of faculty and residents was convened between the Center for Community and Global Health and the Division of Gastroenterology. GH curricula across institutions and core competencies across 2 professional societies were examined via literature review. A survey was conducted among 2nd (MS2) and 3rd year medical students (MS3) interested in GH to assess attitudes toward GI-related issues in GH curriculum. An online learning module was developed consisting of 10, video-based lessons each addressing specific GH competencies (Figure 1). Result(s): In total, 41% (28/69) of MS2 and MS3 interested in GH responded to the survey, with a similar distribution of MS2 (13/28) and MS3 (15/28). Nearly all (92.8%) reported that learning GI conditions in a GH curriculum is moderately or very important (Table 1). A majority (78.5%) also reported feeling at least somewhat anxious or more about managing GI conditions during GH electives. Few medical students reported feeling moderately or extremely prepared to identify risk factors for GI conditions in different settings (21.5%) and to define approaches to therapy in resource-limited settings (14.3%). Interestingly, a majority (71.4%) reported feeling not at all prepared or slightly prepared to deliver cost-effective care to challenging populations. Conclusion(s): Our survey responses demonstrated an unmet need for GI-related training and cost-conscious care in the GH curriculum. Developing an online learning module on GI conditions to supplement GH curriculum may be useful and feasible. A randomized controlled trial is underway to examine the effect of this online learning module on medical student knowledge and preparedness to address GI conditions in GH electives.
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Objective: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are complications of diabetes mellitus. COVID-19 pandemic has massively impacted human health. We studied effect of COVID-19 on outcome of DFUs. Method(s): We recruited 483 people with DFU from June 2020-April 2022 (pandemic group) together with a matched group of 227 people with DFU from March 2019-March 2020 (pre-pandemic group). Matching was done with respect to glycemic control (Average HbA1c in pandemic group 9.15%;pre-pandemic group 8.92%), and renal status. Primary endpoint was outcome of ulcers- healed or undergone amputation. Primary outcome was further sub analyzed in the 3 waves of COVID-19 Secondary endpoint was healing of individual types of DFUs. Basic anthropometric data with site, nature and Wegner's grading of DFUs were collected. Diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy was done by monofilament testing and peripheral arterial disease by handheld Doppler and ABI. Standardized treatment protocol including glycemic control, infection control, debridement, dressing, offloading was provided. All patients were monitored for >6 months. Result(s): In pandemic cohort of 483 patients 323(66.9%) patients had healed ulcers, 70(14.5%) had minor amputation, 11(2,2%) had major amputation, 29(6%) lost to follow up, 22(4.6%) had not healed and 28 are in follow up (5.8%). Rate of healing of DFU in pandemic group was higher (66.9%) than control group (53.5%). Similarly, rate of amputation in pandemic group was less (16.7%) than pre-pandemic group (23.4%). Among healed ulcers in pandemic group, non-infected neuropathic ulcers healed better (77.8%;199/256) than other types (54.6%;124/227) [p< 0.00001]. Similarly, rate of amputation (major/minor) in ischemic and neuroischemic ulcers in pandemic group was more (32.3%;11/34) than other types (15.6%;70/449) [p= 0.011]. Rate of healing of foot ulcers in 1st wave was 65.4% (53/81), 2nd wave 75.2% (158/210), 3rd wave 58.3% (112/192). Neuropathic ulcers though less prevalent in first two waves (49.8%;145/291) than 3rd wave (57.8%;111/192) healing rate was more in first two (79.3%;115/145 vs 75.6%;84/111). [p=0.488 (statistically not significant]. Ischemic and neuroischemic ulcers were more in 3rd wave (7.8%;15/192) than first two waves (6.5%;19/291) and undergone more amputation (46.7%;7/15 vs 15.7%;3/19). [p=0.58 (statistically not significant;due to small sample size]. Discussion/Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic (mainly first two waves) accounted for travel restrictions contributing to better healing of neuropathic ulcers whereas ischemic and neuroischemic ulcers worsened and underwent more amputation as patients could not seek intervention. Conversely, in third wave withdrawal of COVID restrictions lead to worsening of DFUs leading to less healing and more amputation.Copyright © 2023
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Background: Retrospectively quantifying effectiveness of interventions such as travel restrictions to counter viral introduction and transmission is critical to inform public health policy. Phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 variants were undertaken to quantify the effects Canadian COVID-19 travel restrictions had on variant importation and transmission dynamics. Method(s): Global and Canadian GISAID sequences available up to March 2022 were subsampled proportionally to variant-specific case counts and ten phylogenies were inferred for each variant. Trees, dates, and geographies were inferred using maximum likelihood. Result(s): In response to Alpha, Canada implemented a UK flight ban from December 20, 2020-January 6, 2021, resulting in a 1.5-fold reduction in UK sublineage importation rate, with subsequent rebound (Fig. 1). Enhanced screening measures were implemented on December 24, 2020 for South African arrivals to counter Beta. Although there was a 6.3-fold reduction of Beta sublineages per week from South Africa following enhanced screening, there is low confidence in rare events. For Gamma, enhanced screening for arrivals from Brazil was implemented March 31-April 13, 2021. Proportion of Gamma sublineages from Brazil was reduced 1.6-fold within 2 weeks of the intervention, but the weekly importation rate was not significantly changed from start to end of intervention. In response to Delta, Canada issued a suspension of flights from India from April 22-September 23, 202, coinciding with a 2.4-fold reduction in sublineage importation and 3.8-fold reduction in proportion of sublineages from India. Increased importations from the USA and Europe progressively negated the ban's effectiveness. Against Omicron, Canada banned entry of all foreign nationals who had travelled through southern Africa and implemented enhanced screening for Canadians from November 26- December 18, 2021. Subsequently, the BA.1 sublineage importation rate from South Africa was maintained at a low level amid rising cases, while importations from other sources increased, reducing the proportion of sublineages from South Africa and diluting the measure's effectiveness. Conclusion(s): Flight bans and enhanced screening against SARS-CoV-2 variants were most effective when implemented rapidly and for lengthier time;however, effectiveness declined as variants became globally widespread. Ongoing genomic surveillance programs incorporating phylodynamic analyses can inform travel restriction and non-pharmaceutical intervention policy. (Figure Presented).
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Home accidents can cause serious injuries, disabilities, and deaths. Approximately 40 million people were treated in hospitals annually because of injuries occurring in homes, and these injuries were responsible for approximately 76% of preventable deaths. The aims of this study are to compare the home accidents in the one-year period during the pandemic and the home accidents in the one-year period before the pandemic, and to reveal how the home accidents are affected in which part of the home and in which types of injuries. A retrospective study was made of the records of patients injured in home accidents between pre-pandemic and pandemic one-year periods. The patients were classified according to age groups, gender, season, day and time of the home accident, accident type, part of the home, trauma localization and type, and severity of injuries. While 46.5% of the 581 injured patients were before the pandemic, 53.5% were in the pandemic period. The injuries increased as the number of households staying at home increased compared to the pre-pandemic period. Likewise, there was a significant increase in the number of falls from balconies and windows during the pandemic period. It is still not possible to make a definite prediction about the course of the pandemic. In this context, it is of great importance to provide information on prevention from home accidents, especially in television programs and distance education activities.Copyright © 2023, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.
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Objective: The relevance of the study is to primarily determine the predictors of adherence (distance, socio-economic status, disease status, and treatment schedule) of patients with dystonia, spasticity, and hemifacial spasms in a single center Botulinum neurotoxin injection (BoNT) study. Background(s): In December 2019, there was a new type of coronavirus identified in Wuhan, China which rapidly escalated to all parts of the world, the Philippines included. The COVID 19 pandemic did not only affect the patients contracted with the disease, but also those who have non-communicable diseases including dystonia, spasticity, and hemifacial spasm. BoNT is a chemodenervating agent that reduces muscle hyperactivity and spasms. Continuation of outpatient treatment may be affected due to the following reasons: lack of access to the health care system because of travel restrictions or lockdowns;fear of contracting the virus;and finances, which has a bigger impact on lower income patients. Method(s): This study utilized a cross-sectional research design with a total of 120 samples. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were met. Consent was secured. Data was gathered through chart reviews, telecommunications, and evaluation after receiving BoNT treatment in three different timelines-a year before (March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020), during (March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021), and late COVID 19 pandemic (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022). Result(s): The result of this study using percentages and p-values demonstrated a higher percentage in the distance and socio-economic status, as well as in the lost to follow up rate when compared to the other group. Distance and patients lost to follow up had p-values of less than 0.05. Therefore, only distance was noted to be a significant factor to the adherence status of patients. Furthermore, the lost to follow up rate in the COVID 19 pandemic period is also significantly higher when compared to that of the other group. Conclusion(s): It is concluded that patients with closer distance to the facility had better adherence hence the researchers recommend having an affiliate clinic or a referral facility for patients residing outside Metro Manila for better adherence.
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To investigate the interaction between travel restriction policies and the spread of COVID-19, we collected data on human mobility trends, population density, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, daily new confirmed cases (or deaths), and the total confirmed cases (or deaths), as well as governmental travel restriction policies from 33 countries. The data collection period was from April 2020 to February 2022, resulting in 24,090 data points. We then developed a structural causal model to describe the causal relationship between these variables. Using the Dowhy method to solve the developed model, we found several significant results that passed the refutation test. Specifically, travel restriction policies played an important role in slowing the spread of COVID-19 until May 2021. International travel controls and school closures had an impact on reducing the spread of the pandemic beyond the impact of travel restrictions. Additionally, May 2021 marked a turning point in the spread of COVID-19 as it became more infectious, but the mortality rate gradually decreased. The impact of travel restriction policies on human mobility and the pandemic diminished over time. Overall, the cancellation of public events and restrictions on public gatherings were more effective than other travel restriction policies. Our findings provide insights into the effects of travel restriction policies and travel behavioral changes on the spread of COVID-19, while controlling for informational and other confounding variables. This experience can be applied in the future to respond to emergent infectious diseases.
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South Korea implemented restrictions on travel from China in January of 2023. In this scenario-based model, we estimated that the travel restrictions for inbound travellers from China were associated with a 0.3%-9.8% decrease in the internal spread of SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea (95% Confidence Interval, 0.2%-11.7%).
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Introduction and Objective: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (iBCG) therapy for urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is associated with poor compliance due to various psycho-social issues unique to its treatment. The objective of this study was to identify and analyse the patient's perception and the factors that affected its adherence. Method(s): This mixed-method study was conducted on UBC patients who received/received iBCG. Following purposive sampling, patients who received at least one induction and one maintenance dose were assigned to a compliant group, and who did not were assigned to the non-compliant group. The patient's quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews (IDI) of 35-40 minutes were conducted. The transcribed verbatim was analysed by deductive coding and content analysis. The appropriate codes, domains and themes were identified and analysed. Result(s): Demographic and socio-economic characteristics were comparable in both groups. The mean treatment expenditure was higher in the non-compliant group (1.87+/-0.75 vs 3.87+/-1.31;p=0.04). The quality of life measured was similar in both groups. IDI analysis noted that the primary reasons for non-compliance were frequent hospital commute, COVID travel restrictions, lack of knowledge, loss of daily wage, paucity at various levels in government hospitals and expensive corporate healthcare. Treatment-related severe frequency and dysuria also significantly contributed to non-compliance. Conclusion(s): Compliance can be achieved if the patients cope with the initial phase of treatment with positivity and optimism. Good symptomatic relief with proper knowledge and guidance could address the non-compliance.
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The Home Appliance industry is going through an unpredictable situation due to corona virus. Customers' preferences are also changing from time to time. Authors have discussed various variables and their impact on the consumer purchasing decision and revealed how much brand influences the consumer compared to other factors while purchasing appliance products. Corona virus outbreak is continuously hitting the Indian economy and directly impacting the Appliance Industry. This research work also aims to address the change in consumer habits before and after corona virus. The convenience sampling method is used in this research to collect the sample data. The help of Quantitative methods does interpretation of research. From the end of December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began to spread around the world. Its spread harmed all sectors of the world, posing a new challenge to the Indian entrepreneurship ecosystem. It had an impact on the enterprise's viability and growth. Entrepreneurs must deal with social isolation, working from home, travel restrictions, and a lockdown to prevent the corona virus spread. Some businesses have had to close temporarily, while others have had to conduct small-scale operations. As a result, innovators must be visible in all aspects of entrepreneurial endeavors. This epidemic's carriers must be defeated. Businesses must find ways to survive and thrive.Copyright © 2022 Novyi Russkii Universitet. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND: Restrictions on international travel were widely applied to contain cross-border COVID-19 diffusion, while such applications varied globally, and little was known about their impacts on the long-term epidemic progression. METHODS: We explored the global diversity in maintaining border policies classified to four levels (screening, quarantine, ban on regions and total border closure) using data of 185 countries and regions between 01 January 2020 to 31 December 2021. By using Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and quantile regression (QR) models, we examined the relationship between total COVID-19 incidence and the cumulative duration of each policy level in 2020-2021, and the heterogeneity of such association across different transmission severity countries. RESULTS: Firstly, "ban on regions" was the most durable policy applied in high-income countries, while in low-income countries, less stringent measures of screening and quarantine arrivals were applied the longest. Secondly, the cumulatively longer maintenance of the border quarantine was significantly associated with lower infections (log) in COVID-19 high-prevalent countries (75th QR, coefficient estimates [ß] = -0.0038, 95% confidence interval: -0.0066 to -0.0010). By contrast, in medium and high transmission severity countries, those with longer duration of imposing bans on regions showed no suppressing effects but significantly higher COVID-19 incidence (OLS regression, ß = 0.0028, 95% CI: 0.0009-0.0047; 75th QR, ß = 0.0039, 95% CI: 0.0014-0.0063). No other significant results were found. CONCLUSION: From the long-term perspective, inbound quarantine was effective in mitigating severe epidemics. However, in countries with medium or high COVID-19 prevalence, our findings of ban on regions highlighted its ineffectiveness in the long-term epidemic progression.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Epidemics , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Epidemics/prevention & control , Quarantine , Incidence , TravelABSTRACT
COVID-19 has struck the world with multiple waves. Each wave was caused by a variant and presented different peaks and baselines. This made the identification of waves with the time series of the cases a difficult task. Human activity intensities may affect the occurrence of an outbreak. We demonstrated a metric of time series, namely log-moving-average-ratio (LMAR), to identify the waves and directions of the changes in the disease cases and check-ins (MySejahtera). Based on the detected waves and changes, we explore the relationship between the two. Using the stimulus-organism-response model with our results, we presented a four-stage model: (1) government-imposed movement restrictions, (2) revenge travel, (3) self-imposed movement reduction, and (4) the new normal. The inverse patterns between check-ins and pandemic waves suggested that the self-imposed movement reduction would naturally happen and would be sufficient for a smaller epidemic wave. People may spontaneously be aware of the severity of epidemic situations and take appropriate disease prevention measures to reduce the risks of exposure and infection. In summary, LMAR is more sensitive to the waves and could be adopted to characterize the association between travel willingness and confirmed disease cases.
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The Children's NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Royal Manchester Children's Hospital has been involved in numerous early phase gene therapy trials for diseases such as GM1 gangliosidosis, Gaucher disease, MPSIIIA and MPSII. These trials have necessitated international recruitment which brings challenges for both site and families. In addition, we also actively recruited participants during the Covid-19 global pandemic, amplifying these challenges. A typical patient journey on one of these trials would involve being approached soon after diagnosis due to the rapid progression of these diseases and the need for early intervention. The family would then relocate to the UK with relatively short notice and commence an intensive period of screening involving a lot of extensive information for them to retain and invasive procedures for the patient. Some of these families will speak no English at all which is an additional barrier to managing the parental anxiety and expectations of the trial and its outcome. Once eligibility is confirmed the families are then faced with an extended stay in the UK without the support of their extended family/community. This impacts parent's employment and other siblings who may or may not be with them and who may also be affected by the same disease. Following administration of the gene therapy, participants then commence intensive follow up often associated with immunosuppressants. Close working with the local clinicians is essential for patient safety and trial integrity. Good engagement with families once they have returned to their home country is vital in obtaining continuing trial data and ensuring retention and compliance with attending future visits. Follow up visits are essential for safety and efficacy data for the progression of gene therapy trials. Travel restrictions brought about by the covid 19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges but with good communication and engagement we have mostly overcome them.
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COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures, including travel restrictions, effectively limited global circulation of influenza viruses for much of 2020 and 2021. Travel bans and quarantine requirements were lifted on 1 November 2021 enabling recirculation of influenza. In Victoria, follow up of early influenza cases detected Dec-Feb revealed a history of travel or contact with a recent traveller. Cases were few during the Omicron epidemic in January-February. However, in late March, there was a sharp increase in cases, which in Victoria was associated with an outbreak in university residential colleges. Genomic sequencing supported a likely point-source outbreak that spread throughout the state and to other jurisdictions. In the Northern Territory and New South Wales circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 preceded circulation of A(H3N2) and was associated with a high rate of paediatric hospitalisations. Both the A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses that circulated were well matched to the vaccine, but the early onset of the epidemic meant that many cases were infected prior to availability of vaccines in April. Nationally, circulation declined sharply in June-July coincident with another COVID-19 wave. Circulation of influenza may continue to be disrupted by SARS-CoV-2 epidemics until it establishes a seasonal pattern, which may impact seasonal influenza preparedness. Copyright © 2021
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The goal of the paper is to assess early economics impact of Covid-19 on the aviation industry as it is one of the hardest hit industries. Covid-19 has an unprecedented impact on the international passenger seat capacity and gross passenger operating revenues of airlines. In the first part, we look at the impact of the pandemic on the economy as a whole and subsequently look at the economic cost of airlines. Two main elements are driving this negative trend - travel restrictions and overall economic development. We are currently experiencing the tightest international travel restrictions in the modern era of flight transportation with the economies worldwide experiencing a greater decline in GDP than during the last 3 recessions. In the second part, we look at two out of many possible path scenarios which are likely to drive the trend: V-shaped path and U-shaped path. All pandemic outbreaks before followed V-shaped scenario but Covid-19 has paralyzed the society for longer with stricter governmental measures and so U-shaped scenario has to be taken into account as the most likely outcome for the aviation industry during this pandemic. Copyright © 2022 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.
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The goal of the paper is to assess early economics impact of Covid-19 on the aviation industry as it is one of the hardest hit industries. Covid-19 has an unprecedented impact on the international passenger seat capacity and gross passenger operating revenues of airlines. In the first part, we look at the impact of the pandemic on the economy as a whole and subsequently look at the economic cost of airlines. Two main elements are driving this negative trend - travel restrictions and overall economic development. We are currently experiencing the tightest international travel restrictions in the modern era of flight transportation with the economies worldwide experiencing a greater decline in GDP than during the last 3 recessions. In the second part, we look at two out of many possible path scenarios which are likely to drive the trend: V-shaped path and U-shaped path. All pandemic outbreaks before followed V-shaped scenario but Covid-19 has paralyzed the society for longer with stricter governmental measures and so U-shaped scenario has to be taken into account as the most likely outcome for the aviation industry during this pandemic. Copyright © 2022 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.